{"id":77626,"date":"2022-09-24T11:36:41","date_gmt":"2022-09-24T11:36:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/80000hours.org\/?post_type=problem_profile&#038;p=77626"},"modified":"2024-11-29T22:51:31","modified_gmt":"2024-11-29T22:51:31","slug":"wild-animal-welfare","status":"publish","type":"problem_profile","link":"https:\/\/80000hours.org\/problem-profiles\/wild-animal-welfare\/","title":{"rendered":"Wild animal&nbsp;suffering"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"toc_container\" class=\"toc_white no_bullets\"><p class=\"toc_title\">Table of Contents<\/p><ul class=\"toc_list\"><li><a href=\"#why-might-wild-animal-welfare-be-a-pressing-global-issue\"><span class=\"toc_number toc_depth_1\">1<\/span> Why might wild animal welfare be a pressing global issue?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#but-isnt-wild-animal-suffering-natural\"><span class=\"toc_number toc_depth_1\">2<\/span> But isn&#8217;t wild animal suffering natural?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#is-it-possible-to-reduce-wild-animal-suffering\"><span class=\"toc_number toc_depth_1\">3<\/span> Is it possible to reduce wild animal suffering?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#learn-more-about-wild-animal-welfare\"><span class=\"toc_number toc_depth_1\">4<\/span> Learn more about wild animal welfare<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"why-might-wild-animal-welfare-be-a-pressing-global-issue\" class=\"toc-anchor\"><\/span>Why might wild animal welfare be a pressing global issue?<\/h2>\n<p>It&#8217;s easy for us to think of the natural world (without human intervention) as unambiguously positive: to imagine that wild animals live harmoniously with one another in a natural &#8216;balance.&#8217;<\/p>\n<p>But advocates for wild animal welfare argue that this attitude ignores the huge amounts of suffering present in nature. Moreover, the large, healthy, adult vertebrates we usually picture (like foxes, songbirds, or lions) are a <em>very<\/em> small proportion of the overall wild animal population \u2014 <em>almost all<\/em> wild animals are actually juvenile invertebrates.<\/p>\n<p>This means that the actual day-to-day lives of wild animals are pretty different to how we&#8217;d expect. Animal lives are mostly quite short \u2014 in some species, only one in millions of juveniles survive to adulthood \u2014 and are filled with disease, parasitism, hunger, thirst, fear of predators, and suffering from heat or cold. Wild animals often die in very drawn-out, painful ways, and most die at a fraction of their possible lifespan.<\/p>\n<p>We can&#8217;t know for sure what it&#8217;s like to be a wild animal, but we can observe that many or even most wild animals live in conditions that would be considered extremely cruel to inflict on a human, or a domesticated animal.<\/p>\n<p>Very little effort goes towards trying to reduce the suffering of wild animals, even within the broader field of animal welfare. There might be good reasons for this, as we&#8217;ll discuss below, but at present the field is <em>extremely<\/em> neglected.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"but-isnt-wild-animal-suffering-natural\" class=\"toc-anchor\"><\/span>But isn&#8217;t wild animal suffering natural?<\/h2>\n<p>Yes, it is. But <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Appeal_to_nature\">something being natural doesn&#8217;t necessarily mean it&#8217;s good<\/a>; for example, smallpox was natural, but it was good to eradicate it.<\/p>\n<p>Working on wild animal welfare challenges this common mistake of equating the natural with the good. And this might even be itself a reason to work on it: maybe wild animal advocacy helps us make moral progress by <a href=\"https:\/\/forum.effectivealtruism.org\/topics\/moral-circle-expansion-1\">expanding our moral circle<\/a>, and potentially even setting a precedent for work on <a href=\"https:\/\/80000hours.org\/problem-profiles\/artificial-sentience\">digital sentience<\/a>, which may become a pressing issue in the future.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"is-it-possible-to-reduce-wild-animal-suffering\" class=\"toc-anchor\"><\/span>Is it possible to reduce wild animal suffering?<\/h2>\n<p>Wild animal welfare seems much less tractable than, for example, <a href=\"https:\/\/80000hours.org\/problem-profiles\/factory-farming\/\">farmed animal welfare<\/a>, where we&#8217;ve seen lots of wins recently and where humans are the unambiguous cause of the suffering. In the comparatively much newer and smaller field of wild animal welfare, it&#8217;s much less clear what exactly we should do.<\/p>\n<p>There&#8217;s also a principled reason to think that wild animal welfare is less tractable: improving the lives of wild animal populations means intervening in some way in the ecosystems in which they live. However, it&#8217;s very hard to accurately predict the effects of our actions on ecosystems, because they&#8217;re so complicated. And there are <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cane_toads_in_Australia\">historical examples<\/a> of people making this kind of mistake.<\/p>\n<p>One response could be that while we don&#8217;t know all the effects of our actions on ecosystems, we can always <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221022225326\/https:\/\/static1.squarespace.com\/static\/5f04bd57a1c21d767782adb8\/t\/5f160c91bc0bff4abe964d5a\/1595280529848\/WAI_PersistenceAndReversibility_Dec2019.pdf\">be cautious, monitor carefully, and only intervene in reversible ways<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In fact, it&#8217;s pretty clear that improving wild animal welfare isn&#8217;t <em>wholly<\/em> intractable, since it looks like wild animal welfare advocates have made promising progress in some areas. That said, it seems like the interventions we can be <em>confident<\/em> won&#8217;t do harm are currently limited. This may point to additional reasons to build this research field: because the area is so neglected, there might be many opportunities to discover more ways of reliably helping wild animals in the future.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"learn-more-about-wild-animal-welfare\" class=\"toc-anchor\"><\/span>Learn more about wild animal welfare<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Podcast: <a href=\"https:\/\/80000hours.org\/podcast\/episodes\/cameron-meyer-shorb-wild-animal-suffering\/\">Cameron Meyer Shorb on dismantling the myth that we can&#8217;t do anything to help wild animals<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/wildanimalsuffering.org\/\">WildAnimalSuffering.org<\/a>, an accessible and visually appealing introduction to the topic<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/faunalytics.org\/understanding-peoples-attitudes-towards-wild-animal-welfare\/\">Understanding people&#8217;s attitudes towards wild animal welfare<\/a> by Willem Sleegers with Faunalytics<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wildanimalinitiative.org\/\">Wild Animal Initiative<\/a>, a wild animal welfare research organisation<\/li>\n<li>Podcast: <a href=\"https:\/\/80000hours.org\/podcast\/episodes\/persis-eskander-wild-animal-welfare\/\">Persis Eskander on wild animal welfare and what, if anything, to do about it<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Podcast: <a href=\"https:\/\/80000hours.org\/podcast\/episodes\/peter-godfrey-smith-wild-animal-suffering-complex-life\/\">Peter Godfrey-Smith on interfering with wild nature, accepting death, and the origin of complex civilisation<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.animal-ethics.org\/wild-animal-suffering-section\/\">Animal Ethics<\/a>, a think tank with some research on wild animal welfare <\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/reducing-suffering.org\/#wild-animal_suffering\">Reducing Suffering<\/a>, the blog of Brian Tomasik, who has been an early advocate for wild animal welfare<\/li>\n<li>Podcast: <a href=\"https:\/\/80000hours.org\/after-hours-podcast\/episodes\/marcus-davis-rethink-priorities\/\">Marcus Davis on Rethink Priorities<\/a> &#8212; which discusses Rethink Priorities&#8217; recent research into wild animal suffering interventions<\/li>\n<li>Podcast: <a href=\"https:\/\/80000hours.org\/podcast\/episodes\/bob-fischer-comparing-animal-welfare-moral-weight\/\">Bob Fischer on comparing the welfare of humans, chickens, pigs, octopuses, bees, and more<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Podcast: <a href=\"https:\/\/80000hours.org\/podcast\/episodes\/meghan-barrett-insect-pain-consciousness-sentience\/\">Meghan Barrett on challenging our assumptions about insects<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Podcast: <a href=\"https:\/\/80000hours.org\/podcast\/episodes\/sebastien-moro-fish-cognition-senses-social-lives\/\">S\u00e9bastien Moro on the most insane things fish can do<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Relevant career reviews from us:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/80000hours.org\/career-reviews\/explore-a-potentially-pressing-global-issue\/\">Investigate a potentially pressing but unexplored global issue<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/80000hours.org\/career-reviews\/academic-research\/\">Academic research<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/80000hours.org\/career-reviews\/research-management\/\">Research management<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"tw--mt-6 tw--p-3 tw--pt-2 tw--bg-gray-lighter tw--rounded-md \">\n<h3 class=\"no-toc\">\t\t<a class=\"no-visited-styling tw--text-off-black hover:tw--text-off-black hover:tw--no-underline focus:tw--text-off-black\" href=\"https:\/\/80000hours.org\/problem-profiles\/\">\t\t\t<small>Read next:&nbsp;<\/small>\t\t\tExplore other pressing world problems\t\t<\/a>\t<\/h3>\n<div class=\"tw--grid xs:tw--grid-flow-col tw--gap-3\">\n<div class=\"xs:tw--order-last tw--pt-1\">\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/80000hours.org\/problem-profiles\/\">\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/80000hours.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/sea-ocean-sky-night-cosmos-view-826635-pxhere.com_-720x448.jpg\" alt=\"Decorative post preview\" width=\"720\" height=\"448\">\t\t\t<\/a>\t\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\n<div class=\"tw--pb-3\">\n<p>Want to learn more about global issues we think are especially pressing? See our list of issues that are large in scale, solvable, and neglected, according to our research.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"\">\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/80000hours.org\/problem-profiles\/\" class=\"btn btn-primary\">Continue &rarr;<\/a>\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"well visible-if-not-newsletter-subscriber margin-bottom margin-top padding-top-small padding-bottom-small\">\n<h3 class=\"no-toc\">Plus, join our newsletter and we&#8217;ll mail you a free book<\/h3>\n<p>Join our newsletter and we&#8217;ll send you a free copy of <em>The Precipice<\/em> \u2014 a book by philosopher Toby Ord about how to tackle the greatest threats facing humanity. <a href=\"https:\/\/80000hours.org\/free-book\/#giveaway-terms\">T&#038;Cs here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<form data-80k-object-id=\"\" data-80k-form-action=\"newsletter__subscribe\" action=\"\/\" method=\"post\" class=\"form-newsletter-signup form-newsletter-signup-step-1 margin-bottom-smaller\">\n<div class=\"mc-field-group input-group compact-input-group \"> <input type=\"email\" value=\"\" name=\"email\" required class=\"form-control email\" placeholder=\"Email address\" id=\"input_email\"> <span class=\"submit input-group-btn input-group-btn-right\"> <input type=\"submit\" id=\"mc-embedded-subscribe\" value=\"GET THE BOOK\" class=\"btn btn-primary \" \/> <\/span> <\/div>\n<div> <input name=\"_eightyk_action\" value=\"mailchimp_add_subscriber\" type=\"hidden\"> <input name=\"redirect_path_after_step_2\" value=\"\/newsletter\/welcome\/\" type=\"hidden\"> <\/div>\n<div style=\"position: absolute; left: -5000px;\"> <input type=\"text\" name=\"b_abc12f58bbe8075560abdc5b7_43bc1ae55c\" tabindex=\"-1\" value=\"\"> <\/div>\n<\/form>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":424,"featured_media":78273,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"[fn 1] See [Hecht (2019)](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220621011502\/https:\/\/www.wildanimalinitiative.org\/blog\/welfare-expectancy), [Hecht (2021)](https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/brv.12769), [Tomasik (2015)](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220621011631\/https:\/\/longtermrisk.org\/the-importance-of-wild-animal-suffering\/), and [Schukraft (2019)](https:\/\/forum.effectivealtruism.org\/posts\/EDCwbDEhwRGZjqY6S\/invertebrate-welfare-cause-profile): \"From the point of view of total individuals, 'animals' is basically synonymous with 'invertebrates.''' [\/fn]\r\n[fn 2] [Bar-On et al. (2018)](https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1711842115) estimate biomass, not number of individuals; as far as we know, only [Tomasik (2019)](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221022225600\/https:\/\/reducing-suffering.org\/how-many-wild-animals-are-there\/) has estimated numbers of individuals. [\/fn]\r\n[fn 3] See [Tomasik (2015)](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220621011631\/https:\/\/longtermrisk.org\/the-importance-of-wild-animal-suffering\/). A lot of material supporting this general picture of wild animal lives can be found online; much of it is very disturbing, so we won't link to it here. [\/fn]\r\n[fn 4] See [Soryl (2018), chapter 2](https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/331025520_Establishing_the_Moral_Significance_of_Wild_Animal_Welfare_and_Considering_Practical_Methods_of_Intervention) and [Schukraft (2019)](https:\/\/forum.effectivealtruism.org\/posts\/EDCwbDEhwRGZjqY6S\/invertebrate-welfare-cause-profile). [\/fn] \r\n[fn 5] For example, [pigeon contraception](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220621012050\/https:\/\/www.wildanimalinitiative.org\/blog\/pigeon-contraception) and [studying the high juvenile mortality rate of frigatebirds](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220621012106\/https:\/\/www.wildanimalinitiative.org\/blog\/frigatebird-funding). [\/fn]\r\n"},"categories":[291],"class_list":["post-77626","problem_profile","type-problem_profile","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-world-problems"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Wild animal suffering - 80,000 Hours<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"It&#039;s easy to imagine that wild animals live harmoniously with one another in a natural &#039;balance&#039; \u2014 but advocates for wild animal welfare argue that this attitude ignores the huge amounts of suffering present in nature.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/80000hours.org\/problem-profiles\/wild-animal-welfare\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Wild animal suffering\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"It&#039;s easy to imagine that wild animals live harmoniously with one another in a natural &#039;balance&#039; \u2014 but advocates for wild animal welfare argue that this attitude ignores the huge amounts of suffering present in nature.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/80000hours.org\/problem-profiles\/wild-animal-welfare\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"80,000 Hours\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/80000Hours\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-29T22:51:31+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/80000hours.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/42-north-OltnbG88tYg-unsplash-1-scaled.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1707\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@80000hours\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/80000hours.org\/problem-profiles\/wild-animal-welfare\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/80000hours.org\/problem-profiles\/wild-animal-welfare\/\",\"name\":\"Wild animal suffering - 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